MOLTEN LAVA IN MIDDLE OF EARTH

Mountains that could erupt at any time forcing hot lava, gas, steam, rock, and ash out of the earth can be very dangerous, but they amazing forces of our planet earth!
Molten lava is hot! - Lava is extremely hot. Lava can reach temperatures of about 1,250° Celsius. The lava of the Hawaiian volcanoes reaches these temperatures. Normal lava temperatures reach 750° Celsius. That is still much hotter than your oven is capable of reaching.

How Volcanoes Are Formed:
A volcano is formed when there is a crack or hole in the crust, called a vent. The temperature in the deeper layers of the earth sometimes gets so hot that it melts rocks that are deep down in the earth, in the mantle and the core. Then, extremely high pressure from inside the earth builds up so much that it forces the melted rock up out of the earth through the vent, causing a volcano! Often times the vent is inside of a mountain, which means that when a volcano erupts, it shoots out of the top of the mountain. Sometimes the vent is in a flat area and the rock that erupts cools around the vent and the volcano forms its own mountain-like structure.
There can even be vents in the floor of the ocean, so sometimes volcanoes can erupt underwater. The melted rock that is pushed out of the earth is called magma. Once the magma reaches the surface of the earth and explodes out of the volcano, it is called lava. The lava flows very quickly and is very dangerous because it is burning hot! Dangerous gases, whole rocks, and ash can also shoot out of a volcano along with lava. The effects of a volcano on the land surrounding it can be very deadly. Plants and trees are often burned by the flowing hot lava or completely covered.

MANTLE

The mantle
Underlying the crust is the mantle, which is composed mainly of minerals containing magnesium, iron, silicon, and oxygen. The uppermost section of the mantle is a rigid layer. Combined with the overlying solid crust, this section is called the lithosphere, which is derived from the Greek word lithos, meaning "stone."

At the base of the lithosphere, a depth of about 40 miles (65 kilometers), there is another distinct seismic transition called the Gutenberg low velocity zone. At this level, all seismic waves appear to be absorbed more strongly than elsewhere within Earth. Scientists interpret this to mean that the layer below the lithosphere is a zone of partially melted material. This "soft" zone is called the asthenosphere, from the Greek word asthenes, meaning "weak." It extends to a depth of about 155 miles (250 kilometers).

This transition zone between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere is named after American geologist Beno Gutenberg (1889–1960).

EXPLORING EARTH CRUST

EARTH CRUST:

In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet or moon, which is chemically distinct from the underlying mantle. The crusts of Earth, our Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Io, and other planetary bodies have been generated largely by igneous processes, and these crusts are richer in incompatible elements than their respective mantles.

The crust of the Earth is composed of a great variety of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. The crust is underlain by the mantle. The upper part of the mantle is composed mostly of peridotite, a rock denser than rocks common in the overlying crust. The boundary between the crust and mantle is conventionally placed at the Mohorovičić discontinuity, a boundary defined by a contrast in seismic velocity. Earth's crust occupies less than 1% of Earth's volume.

Exploring Earth

EARTH:
The globe or planet which we inhabit; the world, in distinction from the sun, moon, or stars. Earth is the third planet from the Sun. It is the fifth largest of the eight planets in the solar system.The planet formed 4.54 billion years ago and life appeared on its surface within a billion years.

SIZE:
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Planet Earth is not a perfect sphere. Its polar diameter (from pole to pole) differs from equatorial diameter (diameter at the equator). This in turn means that the circumference of the two will also differ. Its dimensions are listed below
Polar Diameter: 7,900 miles (12,714 kilometers)
Polar Circumference: 24,860 miles (40,008 kilometers)
Equatorial Diameter: 7,927 miles (12,757 kilometers)
Equatorial Circumference: 24,902 miles (40,076 kilometers)
Earth's total surface is an area that measuring 197,000,000 square miles (09,600,000 square kilometers)
Earth's outer surface is divided into several rigid segments, or tectonic plates, that gradually migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. About 71% of the surface is covered with salt-water oceans, the remainder consisting of continents and islands; liquid water, necessary for all known life, is not known to exist on any other planet's surface.

CONTENT:
Soil-moisture content The ratio of the volume of contained water in a soil compared with the entire soil volume. When a soil is fully saturated, water will drain easily into the underlying unsaturated rock. When such drainage stops, the soil still retains capillary moisture and is said to contain its field-capacity moisture content. Further drying of the soil (e.g. by evaporation) creates a soil-moisture deficit, which is the amount of water which must be added to the soil to restore it to field capacity, measured as a depth of precipitation.